![]() In 1764, the first railway in America was built in Lewiston, New York. ![]() ![]() The Middleton Railway in Leeds, which was built in 1758, later became the world's oldest operational railway (other than funiculars), albeit now in an upgraded form. It ran from Strelley to Wollaton near Nottingham. The Wollaton Wagonway, completed in 1604 by Huntingdon Beaumont, has sometimes erroneously been cited as the earliest British railway. This carried coal for James Clifford from his mines down to the river Severn to be loaded onto barges and carried to riverside towns. A funicular railway was made at Broseley in Shropshire some time before 1604. Owned by Philip Layton, the line carried coal from a pit near Prescot Hall to a terminus about half a mile away. A wagonway was built at Prescot, near Liverpool, sometime around 1600, possibly as early as 1594. Ī wagonway was introduced to England by German miners at Caldbeck, Cumbria, possibly in the 1560s. There are many references to wagonways in central Europe in the 16th century. The miners called the wagons Hunde ("dogs") from the noise they made on the tracks. This line used "Hund" carts with unflanged wheels running on wooden planks and a vertical pin on the truck fitting into the gap between the planks to keep it going the right way. They soon became popular in Europe and an example of their operation was illustrated by Georgius Agricola (see image) in his 1556 work De re metallica. Wagonways (or tramways), with wooden rails and horse-drawn traffic, are known to have been used in the 1550s to facilitate transportation of ore tubs to and from mines. The guide pin fits in a groove between two wooden planks. Minecart shown in De Re Metallica (1556). ![]() It may be the oldest operational railway. The line still exists and remains operational, although in updated form. The line originally used wooden rails and a hemp haulage rope and was operated by human or animal power, through a treadwheel. In 1515, Cardinal Matthäus Lang wrote a description of the Reisszug, a funicular railway at the Hohensalzburg Fortress in Austria. See also: Funicular, Wagonway, Tramway (industrial), and Plateway Wooden rails introduced Reisszug, as it appears today The railway is theorized to have been used for transportation of goods to front line troops and to fix the Great Wall. Qin railway sleepers were designed to allow horses to gallop through to the next rail station where they would be swapped for a fresh horse. The rails are made from hard wood and treated against corrosion while the sleepers or railway ties are made from wood that was not treated and therefore has rotted. It was carbon dated to be about 2200 years old from the Qin dynasty. In China, a railway has been discovered in south west Henan province near Nanyang city. Paved trackways were also later built in Roman Egypt. The Diolkos was in use for over 650 years, until at least the 1st century AD. Wheeled vehicles pulled by men and animals ran in grooves in limestone, which provided the track element, preventing the wagons from leaving the intended route. Įvidence indicates that there was a 6 to 8.5 km long Diolkos paved trackway, which transported boats across the Isthmus of Corinth in Greece from around 600 BC. Various sections have been designated as scheduled monuments. The Post Track, a prehistoric causeway in the valley of the River Brue in the Somerset Levels, England, is one of the oldest known constructed trackways and dates from around 3838 BC, making it some 30 years older than the Sweet Track from the same area.
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“This accounts for the fact that, all other things being equal, vehicles that are more common will be stolen more often,” IIHS said. HLDI tracks “whole vehicle theft” by monitoring theft claims under comprehensive insurance that mirror the dollar value of the vehicle covered by the policy and defines the most stolen vehicles differently from the NICB and law enforcement agencies by measuring the frequency of theft by the number of claims per 1,000 insured vehicle years. “When you forcibly break the ignition, you’re causing so much damage that it’s not easy to re-VIN and resell the vehicle on the open market,” he said, in reference to thieves who replace VINs with fake ones or substitutes from salvaged vehicles. Russell told IIHS that the joyriding videos posted on social media and the method employed by the thieves suggest that most Hyundai and Kia vehicles are stolen only to be abandoned later. ![]() Kia also said their vehicles meet federal standards and added that “criminals are seeking vehicles solely equipped with a steel key and turn-to-start ignition system” and “the majority of Kia vehicles in the United States are equipped with a key fob and push-button-to-start system” that makes them more difficult to steal. “While all of our vehicles meet or exceed Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards, unfortunately, our vehicles have been targeted in a coordinated effort on social media.” “Hyundai Motor America is concerned about the recent rise in auto thefts of certain Hyundai model vehicles,” the OEM said in a statement to IIHS. In one of the earliest-affected states, Wisconsin, the fad caused overall losses from Hyundai-Kia thefts - the amount paid on theft claims per insured vehicle year - to soar to more than 30 times the 2019 level, IIHS said. In 2021, that comparative ease went viral on social media. “If it doesn’t have an immobilizer, it does make it somewhat easier to steal,” said Darrell Russell, a former auto theft investigator who is now director of vehicles operations at the National Insurance Crime Bureau (NICB). Immobilizers were standard on 62% of models from other OEMs as far back model year 2000, and by 2015, were standard on 96% of vehicles versus 26% of Kia and Hyundai vehicle models, according to IIHS. “Unfortunately, Hyundai and Kia have lagged behind other automakers in making them standard equipment.” “Our earlier studies show that vehicle theft losses plunged after immobilizers were introduced,” Moore said. The feature is standard equipment on nearly all vehicles of the same model years made by other OEMs. Several 2015-2019 Kias and Hyundais fall into the latter category because they lack electronic immobilizers that prevent thieves from simply breaking in and bypassing the ignition, according to IIHS. ![]() ![]() “These numbers tell us that some vehicles may be targeted because they’re fast or worth a lot of money and others because they’re easy to steal.” “Car theft spiked during the pandemic,” said HLDI Senior Vice President Matt Moore, in a news release. Passenger cars had the highest whole vehicle theft claim frequency (0.46) while pickups had the highest claim severity ($49,992), and average loss payment per insured vehicle year, or overall losses ($17). ![]() The Tesla Model 3 electric four-door 4WD, a midsize luxury car, had the lowest relative whole vehicle theft claim frequency at 4% of the all-passenger-vehicle average. The Dodge Charger SRT Hellcat, a large four-door car, had the highest relative whole vehicle theft claim frequency at more than 50 times the all-passenger-vehicle average, according to the HLDI research. Model year 2019-2021 Kias and Hyundais have a lower rate of theft compared to 2015-2019 models but the Kia Rio, Kia Sportage, Kia Sportage 4WD, and Hyundai Accent are still on IIHS’ list of most frequently stolen vehicles for those model years. When it comes to theft, the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) has found through its latest research that “bargain-priced” vehicles manufactured by Kia and Hyundai are now at nearly as much risk of being stolen as muscle cars and luxury SUVs - perhaps a fact for repairers to keep in mind when leaving vehicles on their shop lots overnight.Ī Highway Loss Data Institute (HLDI) analysis of 2021 insurance claims shows released last week shows that among 2019-2021 models, whole vehicle theft claims were highest for the Dodge Charger SRT Hellcat and nearly twice as common for 2015-2019 model year Kias and Hyundais. ![]() Essentially, Fusion seems to be the most complete platform for Mac users when compared to Parallels Desktop.ĭrag-and-drop between a VM and OS X works flawlessly, although you cannot drag-and-drop files directly from one VM to another. In addition to running multiple VMs simultaneously, you can provision multiple virtual processors within a VM as well as run 64-bit OSs, assuming you have a 64-bit Intel Core 2 Duo or Xeon processor. However it should be noted that while there is substantial Windows Vista support, Aero graphics is not included in that. Granted that you have a decent amount of RAM in your system, you can run Windows Vista and Ubuntu side-by-side within OS X. VMware Fusion supports running different VMs at the same time. The use of Cocoa in development gives Fusion a more native Mac application feel with customizable toolbars. ![]() Fusion puts less strain on your computer than any other virtualization product at this point. Main VMware Fusion Featuresįusion was built from the ground up in OS X's native programming environment, Cocoa, and as such Fusion benefits from speed increases and lower memory overhead. ![]() I learned of Fusion's remarkable features and advantages while participating in their conference call this morning. You might be thinking, "well Parallels Desktop does this too, what of it?". VMware Fusion allows OS X users to run virtual machines with support for over 60 Operating Systems. VMware, the creator of native x86 virtualization in the late '90s, has released their first consumer-directed product for Mac users. ![]() Each spot market has its own differences. ![]() As mentioned, these sales and purchases are known as over-the-counter trades. ![]() While most individuals will do spot trading on exchanges, you can also trade directly with others without a third party. Spot trading isn't just limited to one single place. Peer-to-Peer trading or OTC can however take longer for delivery. Crypto markets, however, operate 24/7 allowing for usually instant trades. Now with digitized systems, delivery takes place almost immediately. The foreign exchange market also previously transferred currencies via physical cash, wire, or deposit. Traditionally, shares and equities required the transfer of physical certificates. T+2 is the trade date plus two business days. You can secure a fixed amount and price directly from another party without an order book.ĭepending on the asset, delivery is immediate or typically within T+2 days. Over-the-counter spot trading works differently. Spot prices update in real-time and change as orders match. For example, if your order is for 10 ETH at the spot price, but only 3 are on offer, you will have to fill the rest of your order with ETH at a different price. There also might not be enough volume to satisfy your order at the price you wanted. However, there’s no guarantee that the market price won't change while your order executes. Using a market order on an exchange, you can purchase or sell your holdings immediately at the best available spot price. The current market price of an asset is known as the spot price. This process involves selling financial assets and repurchasing more when the price decreases. They can sell their assets later on the spot market for a profit when the price increases. Spot traders try to make profits in the market by purchasing assets and hoping they’ll rise in value. You can also trade directly with others in over-the-counter (OTC) trades. Spot markets come in different forms, and third parties, known as exchanges, typically facilitate trading. Spot markets are also known as cash markets because traders make payments upfront. Delivery of the asset is often immediate, but this depends on what’s being traded. A buyer purchases an asset with fiat or another medium of exchange from a seller. Some of the most popular markets, like the NASDAQ or NYSE (New York Stock Exchange), are spot markets.Ī spot market is a financial market open to the public where assets trade immediately. You're probably more familiar with spot markets and spot trading than you think. Spot markets exist across different asset classes, including cryptocurrencies, shares, commodities, forex, and bonds. With crypto investing, your first experience will likely be a spot transaction in the spot market, for example buying BNB at the market price and HODLing. Spot trading offers a simple way to invest and trade. Decentralized exchanges provide a similar service but through blockchain smart contracts. In return, exchanges take transaction fees. When trading on spot markets, you can only use assets you own - there is no leverage or margin.Ĭentralized exchanges for spot trading manage regulatory compliance, security, custody, and other factors to make trading easier. Spot trading occurs in spot markets, which are either exchange-based or over-the-counter (directly between traders). Delivery of the asset is often immediate. Spot trading involves directly purchasing or selling financial instruments and assets such as cryptocurrencies, forex, stocks, or bonds. ![]() Updated 4:05pm EST: Cinebench's new R23 release offers native ARM on macOS support, and we generally prefer it to Geekbench. Within Geekbench's limited world, it's clear that the M1 is a winner-it beats all comers, whether we're looking at multithreaded CPU, single-threaded CPU, or OpenCL GPU testing. And because Metal is the API Apple's devices and software are optimized for, we don't normally use its OpenCL-based GPU test at all.īut since we're looking at a brand-new architecture on a minority platform, before its retail launch, we're very limited on shiny, pre-packaged benchmark suites. It can flatten most differences in CPUs, while occasionally and unpredictably magnifying others. ![]() Geekbench is not the entire picture, of course. Geekbench 5.3.0 is one happy exception to that rule, with a brand-new version running natively on Apple Silicon macOS and in the App Store already. Unfortunately, not all benchmark suites run on macOS, very few run on Apple Silicon, and very little along those lines runs on macOS 11 on Apple Silicon. It's very frustrating trying to get a direct performance comparison between the M1 and its x86-64 competition-in our device reviews, we normally lean pretty heavily on general-purpose, synthetic benchmark suites that run a wide array of tests against a platform and come up with a simple numeric score. The M1 is designed from the ground up to be powerful and rather compromise-free competition for traditional PC architecture. But ARM has been coming for the desktop space as well, albeit more slowly-and mostly on the very low end, as we've seen in devices such as the Pinebook Pro.Īpple's new M1 system-on-a-chip (SoC) is decidedly not one of those low-performance, low-cost efforts. ![]() In these form factors, performance-and the ability to run a familiar operating system and software stack, with zero compromise-has been the most important criterion. From there, ARM began encroaching on the datacenter, and for the same reasons-even though individual ARM processors generally underperformed their x86 equivalents, they got the same amount of work done with lower power and cooling bills necessary.ĭesktop and traditional laptop PCs are something of a last bastion for the x86-64 architecture. That power efficiency advantage led ARM to an early and crushing victory in the ultramobile space-phones and tablets-where milliwatts saved matter more than raw performance. Getting down and nerdy-pigz parallel compressionĪRM architecture generally has a substantial power-efficiency advantage over x86-64-the architecture underlying traditional Windows, Linux, and macOS machines.Similarly, you can beat the M1's GPU with high-end Nvidia or Radeon desktop cards-but only at a massive disparity in power, physical size, and heat. Although it's extremely difficult to get accurate Apples-to-non-Apples benchmarks on this new architecture, I feel confident in saying that this truly is a world-leading design-you can get faster raw CPU performance, but only on power-is-no-object desktop or server CPUs. In addition to the eight CPU cores, the version of the M1 in the Mac mini has eight GPU cores, with a total of 128 Execution Units. The idea is that user-focused foreground tasks, which demand low latency, will be run on the performance cores-but less latency-sensitive background tasks can run slower and lower on the four less-powerful but less power-consumptive efficiency cores. The M1's CPU is a 5nm octa-core big/little design, with four performance cores and four efficiency cores. Instead, we're going to take a closer look at the raw performance of the new M1 in comparison to more traditional x86 systems. This is not one of those reviews-though reviews are coming imminently for some of the new Macs. And we've got traditional reviews of those devices and their ecosystems, for Apple fans and the Apple-curious. Further Reading macOS 11.0 Big Sur: The Ars Technica review Original story 9:00am EST: There's a lot of understandable excitement around Apple's ARM-powered devices right now. VMware Workstation will not Allow you to install VMware Mac OS X by default.The Patch Tool is a tool that makes it possible to run macOS Mojave 10.14 on VMware with ease. ![]() It will install the patch file in the VMware for macOS Mojave. This is because the libdvdcss is only meant to rip DVDs encrypted with CSS or remove different regions. Reason 2: Even with libdvdcss installed, Handbrake 1.3.0 will have trouble to handle harder copy protection like 99 titles in DVDs protected by X-project protection (encryption adapted by Disney, Pixar, Paramount, Sony etc). Stay better focused on your work in Dark Mode. MacOS Mojave brings new features inspired by its most powerful users, but designed for everyone. The process explained is a part of ethical hacking macOS for Non-Apple Windows and Linux desktops and Laptops. 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